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SUMMARY UNIT 1: WORKSHOP

INTRODUCTION

This report is to investigate why different types of administration as they are applied in systems organizations. It also analyzes the different types of existing organizations and how they are used to improve performance and maximize resources and results in business.

Scientific Management (according to Taylor)

The time evolution of management thinking has been appointed as the scientific stage, mainly because late nineteenth and early twentieth century, several authors were interested to investigate from the standpoint of "scientific" the problems had industrial companies, mainly large-scale production and standardized way. Some of these thinkers have to Charles Babbage (1792-1872), H. Robinson Towne (1844-1924) and Joseph Wharthon (Siglo XIX).

Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915), engineer by profession, was born in Philadelphia, USA, and has been described as the "Father of Scientific Management," because it systematically investigated in manufacturing operations, especially in the area of \u200b\u200bproduction under the scientific method.

The study of these operations performed by observing the methods used by the workers, the hypothesis emerged observations to develop better procedures and ways of working. Experienced their hypothesis supported by employees outside of normal working hours, improved methods of production found, were put into practice in daily work, following training of operators.

Frederick Taylor concluded that this was applicable to any human organization. Among its findings are:

* There was no effective system of work.
* There was no economic incentive for workers to improve their work.
* The military decisions were made and empirically rather than scientific knowledge.
* Workers were incorporated into their work without taking into account their skills and abilities.
* Therefore, Frederick Taylor developed methods to organize the work, considering the
materials, equipment and skills of each individual. These have been called time and
movements, now known as process or system operations.

Classical Organization Theory (Fayol)

Henri Fayol (1841-1925), French origin, is for some, the most distinguished author of management theory. He noted that management theory can be applied to any human organization (universality). He is considered the father of the administrative process, and creator and promoter of the division of functional areas for companies.

Fayol identified five rules or obligations of the administration:
* Planning: Designing an action plan for tomorrow.
* Organization: To provide and mobilize resources for the implementation of the plan.
* Address: manage, select and evaluate employees in order to achieve the best
work to achieve planned.
* Coordination: integration of efforts and ensure that information sharing
and resolve problems.
Control: ensuring that things happen according to plan and implement the necessary corrective actions
deviations found.

Focus Management Systems.

The origins of this approach goes back to the Aristotelian concepts of "cause and effect" and that every integer is part of a larger. The modern theory of systems developed by the contributions of Ludwig von Bertalanffy, who indicated no independent physical or chemical element, all elements are integrated into relatively interdependent units.

systems can be classified according to:
* The degree of interaction with other systems: open semi-open or half closed and sealed.
* The material composition and objective, abstract and concrete.
* Your ability to react: active, passive and reactive.
* Your internal mobility: static, dynamic, homeostatic and probabilistic.
* The degree of dependence: independent and interdependent.

In any system you can find four basic elements for its functioning:

1. Inputs or inputs: the system supply necessary to fulfill its mission.

2. Processing: the transformation of inputs.

3. Outputs or product: the result of the process.

4. Feedback: is the response of the systems that have received the product as an input
a previous system or the response of the environment.

systems consist of subsystems, for example, the human body is a system and also has sub-circulatory, respiratory, nervous, etc. A company is composed of subsystems of finance, personnel, marketing, etc.. Similarly, any system is an integral part of a larger, commonly called macro or supra. For example, a tree is a macro that is part of plant, and this is part of the planet's ecology, and so on.


GENERAL THEORY OF SYSTEMS

The first speaker of the General Theory of Systems (TGS) was Ludwig von Bertalanffy, in an attempt to achieve a inclusive methodology for the treatment of scientific problems. Used as a tool for it, models used transferable between different continents and scientists, since such extrapolation is possible and in full to the respective disciplines. The General Theory of Systems is based on two pillars: semantic and methodological contributions contributions.

SEMANTIC CONTRIBUTIONS

Successive specializations of science requiring the creation of new words, they accumulate over successive specializations, forming almost a real language is handled only by specialists.

This gave rise problems when dealing with interdisciplinary projects, as participants project are experts from different branches of the science and each handles a different semantics to others.

The Theory of systems to solve these problems, aims to introduce scientific semantics universal use.

Variables:

Each system and subsystem contains an internal process that is developed on the basis of action, interaction and reaction of different elements that must necessarily be known.
Since this process is dynamic, often referred to as a variable, each element that composes or exists within the systems and subsystems. But all is not as easy as it seems at first glance because not all variables have the same behavior but on the contrary, according to the process and character istics of the assume different behaviors within the same process according to time and circumstances surrounding them.

THE ORGANIZATIONS SYSTEMS AS

A organization is a socio-technical system including a larger issue which is the society with which it interacts influence each other. It can also be defined as a system social, composed of individuals and groups working respond to a particular structure and within a context which partly controls and carry out activities using resources in pursuit of certain values \u200b\u200b common. In this way the company is presented as an autonomous structure with the capacity to reproduce and can be viewed through a theory of systems capable of achieving a vision of a system of decision making, both from the point individual and collective view, given that decision making will much easier, if you have a concrete and objective description of the system within which it must be taken.

forming sub Company:

a) Subsystem Psychosocial is composed of individuals and groups interaction.
This subsystem consists of the individual behavior and motivation , status and relationships of
role, dynamics of groups and systems of influence.
b) Technical Subsystem: refers to the knowledge needed for development task
including the techniques used to transform inputs into products .
c) Administrative Subsystem: relates to the organization with their environment and sets the objectives, develops plans
integration, strategy y operación, mediante el diseño de la estructura y
el establecimiento de los procesos de control.

MODELO DE KATZ Y KAHN

Katz y Kahn desarrollaron un modelo de organización más amplio y complejo mediante la aplicación de la teoría de sistemas y la teoría organizations. They then compared the potential use of mainstream sociological and psychological organizational analysis, suggesting that the theory of organizations is free of restrictions and limitations of previous approaches and use the general theory of sistemas.Según the model proposed by them The organization has the following characteristics typical of an open system:

a) The organization as an open system
1. Import (inputs)
2. Processing (processing)
3. Export (output)
4. Systems and cycles recurring event
5. Negative entropy: Open systems need to move to stop the process to replenish energy entópico maintain indefinitely its organizational structure.
6. Information as input
7. Steady state and dynamic homeostasis: In this sense, open systems
characterized by a steady state: there is a continuous flow of energy from the environment outside
and continuous export of the system, however, the exchange ratio
power and relations between the parties remain the same.
8. Differentiation: The organization tends to the growth and development function, which will also bring multiplication
roles and internal differentiation.
9. Equifinality: which states that a system can achieve, in various ways, the same final state
, based on different conditions iniciales.10. Limits or boundaries: The
organization presents barriers between the system and the environment. These define the field of action
the system, as well as its degree of openness in relation to the environment.

b) organizations as a kind of system organizations socialLas
constitute a class or type of social system, which in turn is considered a kind of open system. As a class special
open system, organizations have properties that are peculiar, but
share other properties in common with all systems
abiertos.Todos social systems, including organizations, are based on standardized activities of a number of individuals
. These activities are complementary or
standardized interdependent with respect to any product with a common result. They are repeated, relatively enduring and related
in space and time.

c) Characteristics of first ordenLas characteristics of organizations as social systems are
:

1. Social systems, unlike other basic structures is not limited in scope
. Social systems can not be represented by physical models.

2. Social systems need inputs for production and maintenance.

3. Social systems are systems essentially invented, created by man and
imperfect, are predicated on attitudes, perceptions, beliefs, motivations, habits and expectations
humans.

4. Social systems have greater variability than biological systems. Need
control mechanisms to reduce the variability and instability of human actions.

5. The roles, norms and values \u200b\u200bare the main components of the social system.

6. Social organizations representing the development of a clearer standard features that hint
interrelated activities prescribed or standardized.

7. The concept of partial inclusion. The organization uses only the knowledge and skills
people that are important.

8. In relation to its environment. Organizational performance should be considered with respect to
developed continuous transactions with the surrounding environment.

d) Culture and climate organizacionalesToda organization creates its own culture or climate,
own taboos, customs and usages. The climate or culture of the system reflects the norms and values \u200b\u200bof
formal system, as well as internal and external disputes and the exercise of authority within the system
which are transmitted to new members.

e) Dynamic sistemaCon to stay, social organizations
resort to using mechanisms, set standards and values \u200b\u200bto encourage required activities and devices
authority to direct organizational behavior.

f) Concept of efficiency organizacionalComo open systems, organizations
survive only when they are able to maintain negentropy, ie
imports under all forms of larger amounts of energy than they return to the environment as product.
aims to increase efficiency through technical and economic solutions, while seeking efficiency
maximizing the performance of the organization, technical and economic
(efficiency) and by political means (Not cheap).

g) The organization as a system of rolesRol is the set of activities required to
individual who occupies a particular position in an organization. Therefore, the organization
can be considered as consisting of roles or a set of activities expected
of individuals.

SYSTEMS THEORY

systems theory is a specific field of general systems theory. System means all the different parts interact and are in turn bounded from the outside. In translating this model to the organizations, are factors and characteristics.

There are a variety of systems and a wide range of typologies to classify them according to certain basic characteristics:

A) In terms of its constitution, or specific physical systems, when composed of computers, machinery and objects and real things. Can be described in quantitative terms desempeño.Sistemas abstract, when composed of concepts, plans, assumptions, and idea s.

B) As to its nature closed, are systems which do not exchange with the environ good that surrounds you, they are tight any influence am well tal.Abiertos, are systems that have trade relations with the am well you through inputs and outputs. Open systems regularly exchange matter and energy with the environ well you. Are eminently adaptive that is, to survive they must constantly readjust to environmental conditions.

CONCEPT MODEL

Definition of administrative models:

Basically we talk about business models that are copied, adapted or generalized to the needs of those since these are usually not rigid. These are represented through techniques, processes, models and systems.

Features:

- are applied to produce a change.

- For application requires the use of different tools.

- These models can be applied to more than one type of company.

- are models that change the way of performance of human resources of the company, through tools
applied.

TYPES OF MODELS

autocratic model:

was the prevailing pattern in the Industrial Revolution . This model depends on the power. Those in command must have power to order, which means that the employee does not comply with orders be punished.

In an autocratic environment orientation points to the formal official authority and direction thinks he knows what is best and is convinced that the employee is obliged to obey orders, meaning that they must be addressed, persuaded and pushed to reach a certain level of performance and limited to obey orders.

This view leads to a strict control of employees, the autocratic model turned brutal and despicable because strenuous physical tasks and unsanitary conditions, poverty and danger, in these conditions autocratic employees are directed to turn to obedience to the head and not the respect this.

The model is a useful means for effective enforcement of labor of acceptable method for determining the behavior of managers. The force combined knowledge of the need for employees and the changes that occur, values \u200b\u200b social given the recognition that there are better ways to manage organizational systems.

CUSTODY MODEL:

This depends on the economic resources, if an organization lacks sufficient resources for the provision of pensions and other payments benefits will be impossible to adopt this model.

Then

custody approach results in employees' dependence on the organization. Instead of relying of employees depend on your employer organizations.
employees working in custodial environments acquire a psychological concern for their salaries and benefits. As a result of their treatment, tend to be satisfied and remain so loyal to their companies . Its biggest advantage is that discriminate security and satisfaction to the workers.

SUPPORT MODEL:

had its origins in the principle of supportive relationships. It came to the conclusion that an organization is a social system whose most important element is to be a worker. The studies indicated the importance of having knowledge of dynamic of groups and implement the monitoring support.

support model depends on leadership instead of power and money . Through the leadership company offers an environment that helps employees to grow and meet the organization for that what they are capable. Consequently the orientation of the direction is to support the work performance of employees not the mere support of employee benefits.

The psychological result is a sense of participation and involvement in the work of organization, it is part of lifestyle work of managers and in particular the way they treat others . The support model is effective for both employees and managers and enjoys widespread acceptance.

COLLEGE MODEL:

college The term refers to a group of people with common purpose, they tend to be more useful in terms of work schedule, media intellectual , and circumstances that allow a wide margin of maneuver of the work.

This depends on the generation by the address of a sense of camaraderie with employees, the result is that they feel useful and needed. They found it easier to accept and respect the role of these in the organization. Instead of being seen as leaders, administrators were seen as collaborators.

This is intended to create a strict mutuality in which each person make their own contributions and appreciate others. The guidance addressed the teamwork and the response of employees is the responsibility and feel himself obliged to comply standards of quality that mean so much recognition for its work and the company. The psychological result of the collegial model is self-discipline employees.

THE ROLE OF THE MANAGER:

Before a process of organizational change or conversion of attitudes, the role of the manager should be to lead the change itself, becoming a visionary, a strategist and an excellent communicator and inspiring of all aspects involving the organization, since such a process, by its magnitude, is achieved only with the commitment of the management team and the entire organization as a whole, each increasingly important to think first convert manager, because if it is under charge of a team willing to change and do not feel committed to it, this change will not happen as a result of passive resistance (one in which support changes in words, but not part of them).

The new realities of the environment are setting aside the idea of \u200b\u200btraditional organizations, rigid, requiring now a more participatory management, flatter and less hierarchical levels, where there is a greater closeness of all the up with a much more active participation of all the management team in making decisions and a very special emphasis on equipment-based decision-making functional structures by business areas.

Moreover, the development of new technologies and the increasing rise of the "information revolution" has led to rapid changes in organizational structures, while global conditions a new profile for the manager, where his main personal characteristics should include a greater ability to adapt to new circumstances, an international mindset and excellent communication and learning conditions, in addition to basic principles such as ethics, honesty and justice, whose value is universal.

GROUP ANALYSIS

The scientific method of management is based on logic and all persons and organizations have benefited by applying them to improve time performance, maximize resources and increase profits in companies . Farol

emphasized the steps so that its method of organization is easier to perform, to achieve the desired goals in the shortest time possible without compromising quality.

Comparing methods of Fayol and Taylor, we note that both characters, although they wanted to order for the organization, also took into account the welfare, harmony, teamwork and training of employees was of paramount importance.

The different types of administration have allowed employers to be more organized, focused on the tasks to be accomplished to achieve the general objectives and to maximize resources.

A system is an organized set of things or interacting and interdependent parts, which are related to form a unitary whole and complex. With the evolution of systems has been necessary to create new words and meanings, sometimes called TECHNIQUES ° Keywords ¨.

Organizations are social entities composed of two or more individuals in order meet goals and objectives, depending on the sector or industry. There are also many different models created by researchers, always with the aim of improving and simplifying methods.

GROUP CONTRIBUTION

We note that without the organization, planning and monitoring, there may be chaos in a company, unable to achieve the desired objectives. Nowadays with the globalization of many companies, the technology resulting from advances in the systems easier to manage any industry in one or more parts of the world.

CONCLUSION

Every day each and every one of us practice some form of organization, both personally and professionally.

The result of this research has expanded our knowledge about the different types of research, as are the scientific and classical, and have seen the similaritudes between them.

We are also aware that without proper business organization, it can not be successful, and that discipline is essential in any work area.